Saturday, August 22, 2020

American Literature and English Language Teaching Essay

M. A. Course in English will involve 4 semesters. Every semester will have 4 courses. Taking all things together, there will be 16 courses of 5 credits each. Each course will convey 100 imprints. Of these, 70 imprints will be held for hypothesis (end-Semester assessment) and 30 imprints for instructional exercises/workshops (inner evaluation). Be that as it may, in course 5, titled â€Å"Linguistics and English Language Teaching†, just 50 imprints will be saved for hypothesis (end-Semester assessment), 20 imprints for Practical/Viva-voce test and 30 imprints for instructional exercise/workshops (inward appraisal). Of these courses, Course Nos. 1 to 11, 13 and 14 will be treated as Core Courses, Course nos. 12 and 15 as Elective Courses and Course No. 16 as Allied Elective Course open even to the understudies of different offices/resources. The featured things are intended for point by point study. The hypothesis part of each paper will be of three hours’ length. Example of Question Papers 1]The example of inquiry paper in regard obviously nos. 1,8,11,13,14,15,16 (Indian Literature in Translation, Women Writing and European Literature in Translation) will be as per the following: Section An (a) Two Long-Answer-Type Questions (500 words each) with inward decision †2ãâ€"12=24 Section B. (b) Six Short-Answer-Type Questions (200 words each) out of nine questions†6ãâ€"6=36 Section (c) Ten Objective-Type Questions to be replied in a word or sentence each †10ãâ€"1=10 2]The example of inquiry paper in regard obviously nos. 2,3,4,6,7,9,10,12,16 (New Literatures in English) will be as per the following: Section An (a) Two Long-Answer-Type Questions (500 words each) with interior decision †2ãâ€"12 =24 Section (b) Three entries for clarification out of 5 sections from the featured things to be replied in 200 words each †â€3ãâ€"6 = 18 Section (c) Three Short-Answer-Type Questions out of 5 inquiries to be replied in 200 words each ††3ãâ€"6 = 18. Segment d) Ten Objective-Type Questions to be replied in a word or sentence each †10ãâ€"1=10 3]The example of inquiry paper in regard of Course No. 5 (Linguistics and English Language Teaching) will be as per the following: Section An (a) Two Long-Answer-Type Questions (500 words each) with inner decision †2ãâ€"10=20 Section (b) Four Short-Answer-Type Questions (200 words each) out of six inquiries †4ãâ€"5=20 Section (c) Ten Objective-Type Questions to be replied in a word or sentence each †10ãâ€"1=10 SEMESTER I Course 1: Introduction to Linguistics †ENG †101 1. (a)Key properties of Language b) Language assortments. 2. (a)Major worries of Psycholinguistics and Sociolinguistics b) Historical methodology, Descriptive methodology 3. Significant ideas in Linguistics: a) Syntagmatic and Paradigmetic tomahawks b) Differential Calculous c) Constituent Structure d) Transformations and Deep Structure 4. Stylistics, its techniques and constraints. Course 2: Poetry I (Chaucer to Blake) †ENG †102 Chaucer:Prologue to Canterbury Tales (Modern rendition) *Shakespeare’s Sonnets No. 18, 30, 63, 130 *Milton:Paradise Lost, Book I *Donne:The Blossom, The Canonization, The Good Morrow Marvell:To His Coy Mistress *Pope:The Rape of the Lock. *Gray:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard *Blake:The Tiger, Ah! Sun-blossom Course 3: Drama I (Marlowe to Wilde barring Shakespeare) †ENG †103 *Webster:The Duchess of Malfi *Marlowe:Dr. Faustus *Jonson:The Alchemist Congreve:The Way of the World *Wilde:The Importance of Being Earnest Origin and Growth of the British Theater Course 4: Prose†ENG †104 *Bacon:Of Truth; Of Death; Of Adversity; Of Great Place; Of Parents and Children Addison and Steele:Of the Club; The Coverley Household; Labor and Exercise; Sir Roger at the Theater (Coverley Papers from the Spectator, ed. K. Deighton, Macmillan). *Lamb:Christ Hospital; New Year’s Eve; Imperfect Sympathies *Carlyle:Hero as Man of Letters Russell:Science and War; Science and Values (from The Impact of Science on Society) Huxley:Tragedy and the Whole Truth (from W. E. Williams, ed. A Book of English Essays) SEMESTER II Course 5: Linguistics and English Language Teaching†ENG †201 1. Phonology:(a) Speech component and the Organs of Speech (b) Consonants, Vowels, Diphthongs (c) Phoneme (d) Stress, Intonation 2. Morphology:Morphemes: Words and Affixes 3. Syntax:(a) I. C. Examination and its cutoff points (b) Transformations of Movement, Addition, Substitution, Deletion. (c) Coordination and Subordination 4. English Language Teaching:(a) Direct Method (b) Audiolingual Method (c) Communicative Language Teaching (d) Error Analysis (e) Teaching abilities of Language: tuning in, talking, perusing, composing. (f) Testing Course 6: Poetry II (Wordsworth to Arnold) †ENG †202 *Wordsworth:The Prelude, Book I *Coleridge:Kubla Khan *Shelley:Adonais *Keats:Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn *Tennyson:Ulysses, The Lotos Eaters *Browning:Rabbi Ben Ezra, Porphyria’s Lover *Arnold:The Scholar Gypsy Course 7: Drama II (Shakespeare) †ENG †203 Henry IV, Part I. Twelfth Night *Hamlet *The Tempest Shakespeare Criticism: Dr. Johnson, Bradley, Wilson Knight, Caroline Spurgeon, Stephen Greenblatt. Course 8: Fiction I (Defoe to Hardy) †ENG †204 Defoe:Moll Flanders Fielding:Joseph Andrews Austen:Emma Dickens:Great Expectations Eliot:Middlemarch Hardy:Tess of the D’urbervilles SEMESTER III Course 9: Poetry III (Hopkins to Ted Hughes) †ENG †301 *Hopkins:Pied Beauty; The Windhover; Carrion Comfort *Yeats:Sailing to Byzantium; Byzantium; No Second Troy; Coole Park and Ballyle *Eliot:The Waste Land *Auden:In Memory of W. B. Yeats; The Shield of Achilles. *Larkin:Church Going; Next, if you don't mind At Grass *Ted Hughes:The Thought-Fox; Hawk Roosting Course 10: Drama III (Twentieth Century Drama) †ENG †302 *Shaw:Man and Superman *Yeats:Countess Cathleen *Eliot:Murder in the Cathedral *Beckett:Waiting for Godot *Pinter:The Birthday Party Course 11: Literary Criticism and Theory 1†ENG †303 Aristotle:On the Art of Poetry Bharatamuni:On Natya and Rasa: Esthetics of Dramatic Experience Anandavardhana:Dhvani: Structure of Poetic Meaning Dryden:Essay on Dramatic Poesy Wordsworth:Preface to Lyrical Ballads Coleridge:Biographia Literaria (Chs. XIII, XVII and XVIII) Arnold:The Study of Poetry (Essays in Criticism Book II) Course 12: Indian Literature in English I †ENG †EL-3. 1 *Tagore:Thou hast made me unending; Leave this reciting and singing; I resemble a leftover of a cloud; In one greeting to thee (Gitanjali) *Sri Aurobindo:Savitri Book I Canto I (Passages for clarification to be set from the initial 64 lines) *Girish Karnad:Nag-Mandala The accompanying writers from Ten Twentieth Century Indian Poets ed. R. Parthasarathy (OUP): *Nissim Ezekiel:Poet, Lover, Birdwatcher; Background, Casually; Enterprise *Jayant Mahapatra:Grass, Lost. *A. K. Ramanujan:A River; Love Poem for a Wife I; Obituary *Kamala Das:My Grandmother’s House; A Hot Noon in Malabar; The Invitation OR American Literature I†ENG †EL-3. 2 The accompanying from American Literature of the Nineteenth Century (Eurasia) and American Literature 1890-1965 (Eurasia): Emerson:The American Scholar, Self-Reliance, The Over-Soul Poe:*The Raven, The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition Whitman:*When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d, Passage to India *Wallace Stevens:The Emperor of Ice-cream, Sunday Morning. *Emily Dickinson:I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed, I Felt a Funeral in My Brain, The Soul Selects Her Own Society, Because I Could not Stop for Death, These Are the Days When Birds Come *Tennessee Williams:A Streetcar Named Desire Edward Albee:Zoo Story SEMESTER IV Course 13: Fiction II†ENGâ€401 Conrad:Heart of Darkness Woolf:Mrs. Dalloway Joyce:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Lawrence:Women in Love Kingsley Amis:Lucky Jim Course 14: Literary Criticism and Theory II †ENG †402 Eliot:Tradition and the Individual Talent; The Function of Criticism; Hamlet (Selected Essays) Richards:Principles of Literary Criticism (Chs.IV-XV, XXI, XXXIV, XXXV and Appendix A †On Value) Ransom:A Note on Ontology (Twentieth Century Criticism: The Major Statements, eds. Helpful and Westbrook) The accompanying pundits from David Lodge, ed. Present day analysis and Theory : A Reader (London : Longman, 1988) The accompanying pundits from David Lodge, ed. Present day Criticism and Theory: A Reader (London: Longman, 1988) Saussure:Nature of the Linguistic Sign Derrida:Structure, Sign and Play in the talk of the human Sciences Said:Crisis (in Orientialism) Showalter:Feminist analysis in the Wilderness Eagleton:Capitalism, Modernism and Postmodernism. Course 15: Indian Literature in English II †ENG †EL-4. 1 Mulk Raj Anand:Untouchable R. K. Narayan:The Financial Expert Raja Rao:The Serpent and the Rope Anita Desai:Voices in the City Salman Rushdie:Midnight’s Children Amitav Ghosh:The Shadow Lines Jawahar Lal Nehru:An Autobiography OR American Literature II †ENG †EL-4. 2 Hawthorne:The Scarlet Letter Melville:Billy Budd Faulkner:Light in August Hemingway:A Farewell to Arms Ralph Ellison:Invisible Man Saul Bellow:Humboldt’s Gift Course 16: Indian Literature in Translation †ENG †EL-4. 3 The accompanying writers from Oxford Anthology of Modern Indian Poetry eds. Vinay Dharwadker and A. K. Ramanujan: Sitanshu Yashashchandra:Drought V Indira Bhavani:Avatars Ali Sardar Jafri:Morsel Paresh Chandra Raut:Snake Tagore:Homecoming; My Lord, The Baby Shrilal Shukla:Rag Darbari Tendulkar:Ghasiram Kotwal Ananthamurthy:Samskara Translation, Theory and Practice OR New Literatures in English †ENG †EL-4. 4 The accompanying writers from An Anthology of Commonwealth Poetry ed. C D Narasimhaiah, Macmillan: *A. D.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Poverty in Africa Essay -- essays research papers

African countries consistently tumble to the base of any rundown estimating financial action, for example, per capita salary or per capita GDP, in spite of an abundance of characteristic assets. The last 25 spots of the United Nations (UN) personal satisfaction file are consistently filled by African countries. In 2006, 34 of the 50 countries on the UN rundown of least created nations are in Africa. In numerous countries, the per capita pay is regularly under $200 U.S. every year, with by far most of the populace living on significantly less. Likewise, a lot of salary has been reliably dropping over the previous century by any measure. In 1820, the normal European specialist earned around multiple times what the normal African did. Presently, the normal European gains multiple times what the normal African does. In spite of the fact that per capita earnings in Africa have additionally been consistently developing, and neediness falling, measures are still obviously better in differen t pieces of the world, for example, Latin America, which experiences a significant number of similar inconveniences that Africa has. Africans ought not accuse Mr. Tony Blair, Prime Minister of Britain, The World Bank, George W. Shrubbery, the leader of the United States of America, any western created nation or the United Nations for endeavoring to review through the Commission for Africa report, and many years of irregular characteristics and treacheries visited on Africans by both African rulers and their western colleagues. It is this hard and underhanded scheme that has welcomed the excellent and virgin mainland on her knees, to a great extent devastating its kin and transformed them into poor people, crying children and fools of the worldwide network. As an African, I have lost tally of the occasions, my stomach has hurt, and my faculties offended by the stunning im... ...cap this is the time of responsibility and straightforwardness in the running of administrative undertakings, the present age of Africans is edified and enabled, and are fit for posing inquiries about their activities. To finish up, Africans of course, readily and reluctantly are Africa?s most noticeably terrible adversaries like the Ghanaian saying goes, ?the creepy crawly that chomps you can be found in your material?. References ? UN-OHRLLS List of Least Developed ? Founou-Tchuigoua, Bernard Food independence: Crisis of the aggregate philosophy African agribusiness: The basic decisions. Joined Nations University Press (1990) ISBN 0-86232-798-9 ? World Commission on Protected Areas (1995-2006) WCPA West and Central Africa Region Key Issues The World Conservation Union ? Poverty in Africa from the World Bank ? Poverty In Africa And The Commission For Africa Report by Uche Nworah Neediness in Africa Essay - papers look into papers African countries normally tumble to the base of any rundown estimating financial action, for example, per capita salary or per capita GDP, notwithstanding an abundance of common assets. The last 25 spots of the United Nations (UN) personal satisfaction record are consistently filled by African countries. In 2006, 34 of the 50 countries on the UN rundown of least created nations are in Africa. In numerous countries, the per capita salary is regularly under $200 U.S. every year, with most by far of the populace living on substantially less. What's more, a lot of salary has been reliably dropping over the previous century by any measure. In 1820, the normal European laborer earned around multiple times what the normal African did. Presently, the normal European gains multiple times what the normal African does. Despite the fact that per capita livelihoods in Africa have additionally been consistently developing, and neediness falling, measures are still far superior in different pieces of the world, for example, Latin America, which experiences a considerable lot of similar impediments that Africa has. Africans ought not accuse Mr. Tony Blair, Prime Minister of Britain, The World Bank, George W. Shrub, the leader of the United States of America, any western created nation or the United Nations for endeavoring to review through the Commission for Africa report, and many years of awkward nature and shameful acts visited on Africans by both African rulers and their western teammates. It is this insensitive and fiendish connivance that has welcomed the delightful and virgin landmass on her knees, to a great extent ruining its kin and transformed them into poor people, crying children and fools of the worldwide network. As an African, I have lost tally of the occasions, my stomach has hurt, and my faculties offended by the stunning im... ...cap this is the time of responsibility and straightforwardness in the running of administrative issues, the present age of Africans is illuminated and enabled, and are fit for posing inquiries about their activities. To finish up, Africans as a matter of course, enthusiastically and reluctantly are Africa?s most noticeably awful adversaries like the Ghanaian adage goes, ?the bug that nibbles you can be found in your fabric?. References ? UN-OHRLLS List of Least Developed ? Founou-Tchuigoua, Bernard Food independence: Crisis of the aggregate philosophy African agribusiness: The basic decisions. Joined Nations University Press (1990) ISBN 0-86232-798-9 ? World Commission on Protected Areas (1995-2006) WCPA West and Central Africa Region Key Issues The World Conservation Union ? Poverty in Africa from the World Bank ? Poverty In Africa And The Commission For Africa Report by Uche Nworah

Monday, August 17, 2020

Read These Top College Essay Examples

Read These Top College Essay Examples In the online Common Application Writing Supplement, please reply to the essay question beneath (maximum of 650 phrases) that corresponds to the undergraduate school or faculty to which you're making use of. What questions do you could have about writing school admissions essays? If you are going to discuss your life or how you came to be in college, this is a superb matter to begin with. Life isn't just about what occurred to you, but also where you bought to be as well. Write about where you are actually and how you discovered from your experiences. If you’re already in faculty, do you have any recommendation for present high schoolers? Share your ideas in the feedback part below, or post about it within the College Info Geek Community. I hope that after reading this publish you feel a bit extra confident in your capacity to write down your faculty admissions essay. Many school essay subjects also give attention to the way forward for the student. In right now's world, most jobs have many ranges of development. There are more things to learn and be successful at than ever before. One of the most typical topics to write about is life.

The Most Popular Argumentative Essay Topics of 2017

The Most Popular Argumentative Essay Topics of 2017 We have decisions in our lives which generally get’s in the way of doing things but is prom a choice which helps us accomplish this? About twenty 5 p.c of the teenager population don’t attend prom. Some might not need to go after seeing the price on the costume tag or the ticket itself. It isn’t really because there's still graduation however to have lots of fun with our friends, proms the night time. In that one night you turn out to be the person you were whenever you walked into to high school for the first time and now you get to leave because the particular person you could have turn into. In highschool you alter, you make new kinds of selections and possibly become mature. Sometimes in growing up we overlook the things that makes us, us and on this night you get an opportunity to remember and become that graduating class that you simply had been all the time meant to be. For extra information, here are hyperlinks to our spring 2014 editorial-writing contest, an inventory of winners from that contest and a associated lesson plan on argumentative writing. In this economy faculty tuition additionally appears so much to households and this looks as if an unnecessary expense. Some may say sure while others may say no regardless of the purpose is the glitz or the thought of getting rejected. People come out and in of our lives, but many articles say that is our last likelihood to be with our peers. Most families spend about a thousand one hundred thirty nine dollars. For most families this can be a lot and other people don’t plan to spend this a lot unless it’s their wedding.

Friday, August 14, 2020

Analytical Essay Tutorial

Analytical Essay Tutorial What should the draft of an informative essay include, tips on how to format harvard essay, home terrorism cause and effect essay. Ets gre argument essay topics bible real solutions to essay subjects Gre writing 134 analyticalEssay in english my teacher essay writing soccer. , descriptive essay on home candy residence health belief mannequin uk essays. Essay writing my class instructor essay on population explosion for sophistication 7, including a e-book title into an essay, essay style construction, 10 traces essay on lion. What is a formal literary essay tsl essay competitors 2019 results. Essay on human trafficking in india in hindi essay on junk food and its disadvantages someone write my essay at no cost! Essay about a guide you've recently read, essay know-how topics, my favourite film is twilight essay. How to start out off an faculty software essay, essay on pc primarily based learning? Persuasive essay format middle faculty my favorite holiday essay sanskrit essay on diwali. About mother teresa in hindi essay, scientific method essay example essay on position of students in growth of nation in tamil new york times school essay contest, good introduction english essay. Good essay questions for scholarship Gre writing subjects 134 to bible real essay options analytical. Essay on man brief summary, contoh soal essay dinamika penduduk dan jawabannya instance of course of essay ielts actual topics writing Gre solutions bible to 134 analytical essay. Schindler's list essay thesis statementEssay in regards to the film hichki essay diwali english mein. the way to properly embrace quotes in an essay, vocabulary for a persuasive essay, essay on junk meals and its disadvantages. Essay on personality description essay writing my class instructor types of leads in essays. A quick essay about greatest pal finest essay writing structure.

Wednesday, August 12, 2020

Tips for Writing Excellent Essays in Neuroscience or Psychology

<h1>Tips for Writing Excellent Essays in Neuroscience or Psychology</h1><p>When you plunk down to compose an exposition for a brain science or neuroscience course, you're probably going to have many diverse paper subjects. Luckily, picking which exposition subject to utilize will be a less upsetting activity than it may appear. You can pick exposition points on proposals that you as of now have an essential comprehension of.</p><p></p><p>One of the simplest article themes to pick is identified with the subjects you definitely know a tad about. For instance, you may have some involvement in hereditary qualities or atomic science. It's a smart thought to get a decent handle of these subjects before endeavoring to pick paper points for your neuroscience or brain science course. You may likewise wish to explore these subjects somewhat more before picking article points that you know a smidgen about.</p><p></p><p>For model, in case you're composing a paper for a class in brain science, you ought to presumably pick the 'essential neurobiology' exposition themes. These exposition points are natural to you; you see how qualities or quality articulation occur in the mind. You see how these qualities and their appearance in the mind cause changes in conduct and physiology. Regardless of whether you pick a paper theme on memory or conduct, you ought to most likely beginning by exploring the subject you will compose about.</p><p></p><p>Consider what abilities you have that can be utilized to compose great exposition points for neuroscience. How frequently have you experienced pictures or portrayals of cerebrum imaging? How often have you perused an article that utilizes the term 'neuroscience'?</p><p></p><p>Most researchers in a wide range of exploration bunches know about the devices and procedures utilized in the investigation of neuroscience. This is a simpl e exposition point to compose about.</p><p></p><p>You should expound on alternate points of view on specific subjects that are applicable to your own advantage. For instance, in the event that you appreciate expounding on the human psyche and cerebrum, you may wish to expound on a theoretical onlooker that has some data on mind-body issue. Or on the other hand you may decide to expound on a particular subject from a particular viewpoint. For instance, you may wish to expound on what it would take to make a brain body issue with an outside cause.</p><p></p><p>You could expound on subjects that may be notable by those in your homeroom, for example, 'What will it take to know the entirety of the realities about a theoretical malady?' Or you could expound on themes that are not all that notable, however that are additionally questions your class may be asking, for example, 'What might it take to comprehend what causes an infection?' These are on the whole incredible exposition points to pick for your neuroscience or brain science course.</p>

Wednesday, August 5, 2020

Who Else Wants to Learn About Research Paper Topics Latin American Culture?

<h1> Who Else Wants to Learn About Research Paper Topics Latin American Culture? </h1> <p>American and Mexican societies have different nourishments. There are parcels increasingly American nourishments this is a little model. You've gone to the right spot. At that point this is the district for you. </p> <p>Not just is the historical backdrop of such writing in the territory long, yet furthermore it is very various. These ten were chosen subject to worldwide criticalness and impact on the people. Culture in the locale is regularly associated with ecotourism and the realms who lived in the district before the Europeans prevailed. These an assortment of food societies in the USA are expertly reviewed here together inside and out for the absolute first second. </p> <p>Tropical areas are incredibly sticky and hot. Latin populace is a mix of particular ethnicities. El Salvador, while little-visited by most of travelers, has had a fascinating impact in the archeological development of the whole region.</p> <p>Dancers use a container like example to coordinate their developments. Latin moving is viewed as one of the liveliest and most eager sort of moving on the planet, both as to music and movement. You may likewise wish to check at some of the recordings on YouTube where vagrants and ladies depict their lives. Correspondence contrasts among ladies and men. </p> <p>Portuguese is spoken in Brazil, yet Spanish is the significant language in most of Latin countries. An exposition about Latin America is incredibly basic since it needs to numerous countries or components that you could investigate. It is home to the yearly Rio Carnival which is among the best celebrations on earth and serves to grandstand the country's way of life. Discussion about the instruments regularly used in ancestral music.</p> <p>A culture exposition is a somewhat famous sort of article. It originates from the Latin culture which thusly comes from colere or to develop. Language is in all probability one of the huge devices that add to the advancement of human development and arrangement of people as smart and cultural creatures. </p> <p>In Chilean organizations, for example, social separation exists on the grounds of appearance, age and sexual orientation, all which are identified with economic wellbeing. While on the contrary hand, the colonized countries are thought to have received the colonizers culture. Its way of life is the outcome of a blend of European, Indigenous and African impacts. They're viewed as an increasingly unobtrusive culture yet they don't have protection. </p> <h2> Rumors, Deception and Research Paper Topics Latin American Culture</h2> <p>The essential distinction is that Tejanos have been in the usa for ages. Check for the correct title concerning the nation you are going to. Our motivation is to change lives. It is conceivable to likewise examine the writing side of things with amazing people like Pablo Neruda and Carlos Fuentes, to make reference to only a couple.</p> <p>Today, researchers have recognized that mental maltreatment, where there are no noticeable wounds, is in any event as harming as its partner. Expectation this data will supportive to discover thought in a word about it. Some of the information could be in chronicles which have been digitized. Endeavor to add new data to the investigation region by methods for your examination. </p> <h2>Ruthless Research Paper Topics Latin American Culture Strategies Exploited </h2> <p>The prepared authors move their collected information and capacities towards improving the nature of your point and, at long last, paper. You get your subject and paper promptly and save time for some different interests. Joining strategies and styles in a particular spot or timeframe is a commonplace technique to think of an increasingly mind boggling research subject. </p> <p>What's progressively, one must be able recorded as a hard copy to create reasonable and firm content. Guarantee you spare the blueprint along with the entirety of the content just in the occasion you may require it later. If it's not too much trouble know that the title is effectively the most significant component of the paper, in the inclination it characterizes the whole report. </p> <p>You will come to see there are a few assignments that you can't finish without anyone else, or points you can't successfully summon. One of the most troublesome undertakings for understudies is finding sensible and enlightening themes. With this much vitality spent on adjusting scholarly and singular obligations it tends to be extremely hard to make new thoughts. On the other side, Latin American organization preparing and improvement divisions endure noteworthy inward clash the second the time has come to give further developed private venture preparing. </p>